Webb, P. et al. The urgency of food system transformation is now irrefutable. Nat. Food 1, 584–585 (2020).
Lucas, T. & Horton, R. The 21st-century great food transformation. Lancet 393, 386–387 (2019).
Hammond, R. A. & Dubé, L. A systems science perspective and transdisciplinary models for food and nutrition security. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 12356–12363 (2012).
Fanzo, J. et al. Sustainable food systems and nutrition in the 21st century: a report from the 22nd annual Harvard Nutrition Obesity Symposium. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 115, 18–33 (2022).
CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). Strategic plan for biodiversity 2011–2020. Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/sp/2010 (2010).
Kalibata, A. Transforming food systems is within reach. Nat. Food 2, 313–314 (2021).
Smith, P. et al. Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 789–813 (2008).
McGreevy, S. R. et al. Sustainable agrifood systems for a post-growth world. Nat. Sustain. 5, 1011–1017 (2022).
Wood, A. et al. Reframing the local–global food systems debate through a resilience lens. Nat. Food 4, 22–29 (2023).
Schneider, K. R. et al. The state of food systems worldwide in the countdown to 2030. Nat. Food 4, 1090–1110 (2023).
Duncan, J. et al. Democratic directionality for transformative food systems research. Nat. Food 3, 183–186 (2022).
Ingram, J. et al. Further concepts and approaches for enhancing food system resilience. Nat. Food 4, 440–441 (2023).
Ambikapathi, R. et al. Global food systems transitions have enabled affordable diets but had less favorable outcomes for nutrition, environmental health, inclusion, and equity. Nat. Food 3, 764–779 (2022).
Sterman, J. D. Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World (Irwin/McGraw Hill, Boston, 2000).
Swinburn, B. A. et al. The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet 393, 791–846 (2019).
Garrett, R. D. et al. Social and ecological analysis of commercial integrated crop–livestock systems: Current knowledge and remaining uncertainty. Agric. Syst. 155, 136–146 (2017).
Singh, B. K. et al. Food systems transformation requires science–policy–society interfaces that integrate existing global networks and new knowledge hubs. Nat. Food 4, 1–3 (2023).
Adner, R. When are technologies disruptive? A demand-based view of the emergence of competition. Strateg. Manag. J. 23, 667–688 (2002).
Tripsas, M. Customer preference discontinuities: a trigger for radical technological change. Manag. Decis. Econ. 29, 79–97 (2008).
Raghunathan, R., Naylor, R. W. & Hoyer, W. D. The unhealthy = tasty intuition and its effects on taste inferences, enjoyment, and choice of food products. J. Mark. 70, 170–184 (2006).
Davis, C. et al. From motivation to behaviour: a model of reward sensitivity, overeating, and food preferences in the risk profile for obesity. Appetite 48, 12–19 (2007).
Epstein, L. H. & Leddy, J. J. Food reinforcement. Appetite 46, 22–25 (2006).
Wansink, B. & Chandon, P. Can “low-fat” nutrition labels lead to obesity? J. Mark. Res. 43, 605–617 (2006).
Campos, S., Doxey, J. & Hammond, D. Nutrition labels on pre-packaged foods: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 14, 1496–1506 (2011).
Wansink, B. Can package size accelerate usage volume? J. Mark. 60, 1–14 (1996).
Hoch, S. J., Bradlow, E. T. & Wansink, B. The variety of an assortment. Mark. Sci. 18, 527–546 (1999).
Stroebele, N. & De Castro, J. M. Effect of ambience on food intake and food choice. Nutr 20, 821–837 (2004).
Fryer, P. J. & Versteeg, C. Processing technology innovation in the food industry. Innov. Manag. Policy Pract. 10, 74–90 (2008).
Barney, J. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. J. Manag. 17, 99–120 (1991).
Van de Ven, H. The development of an infrastructure for entrepreneurship. J. Bus. Ventur. 8, 211–230 (1993).
Lee, B. H., Struben, J. & Bingham, C. B. Collective action and market formation: an integrative framework. Strateg. Manag. J. 39, 242–266 (2018).
Owen-Smith, J. & Powell, W. W. Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: The effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community. Organ. Sci. 15, 5–21 (2004).
Van de Ven, A. H. & Garud, R. Innovation and industry development: the case of cochlear implants. Res. Technol. Innov. Manag. Pol. 5, 1–46 (1993).
Pedersen, E. R. G. & Gwozdz, W. From resistance to opportunity-seeking: Strategic responses to institutional pressures for corporate social responsibility in the Nordic fashion industry. J. Bus. Ethics 119, 245–264 (2014).
Kogut, B. & Zander, U. Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organ. Sci. 3, 383–397 (1992).
Argote, L. & Epple, D. Learning curves in manufacturing. Science 247, 920–924 (1990).
Coupey, E., Irwin, J. R. & Payne, J. W. Product category familiarity and preference construction. J. Consum. Res. 24, 459–468 (1998).
Brucks, M. The effects of product class knowledge on information search behavior. J. Consum. Res. 12, 1–16 (1985).
Rosa, J. A., Porac, J. F., Runser-Spanjol, J. & Saxon, M. S. Sociocognitive dynamics in a product market. J. Mark. 63, 64–77 (1999).
Hannan, M. T., Pólos, L. & Carroll, G. R. Logics of Organization Theory: Audiences, Codes, and Ecologies (Princeton University Press, 2007).
Hsu, G., Hannan, M. T. & Koçak, Ö. Multiple category memberships in markets: an integrative theory and two empirical tests. Am. Sociol. Rev. 74, 150–172 (2009).
Burt, R. S. Social contagion and innovation: Cohesion versus structural equivalence. Am. J. Sociol. 92, 1287–1335 (1987).
Herman, C. P., Roth, D. A. & Polivy, J. Effects of the presence of others on food intake: a normative interpretation. Psychol. Bull. 129, 873–886 (2003).
Mahajan, V., Muller, E. & Bass, F. M. Dynamics of innovation diffusion: new product models in marketing. J. Mark. 54, 1–26 (1990).
Hoyer, W. D. An examination of consumer decision making for a common repeat purchase product. J. Consum. Res. 11, 822–829 (1984).
Rogers, E. M. Diffusion of innovations, 5th Edition (Simon and Schuster, 2003).
Erdem, T. & Keane, M. P. Decision-making under uncertainty: Capturing dynamic brand choice processes in turbulent consumer goods markets. Mark. Sci. 15, 1–20 (1996).
Dekimpe, M. G. & Hanssens, D. M. Sustained spending and persistent response: a new look at long-term marketing profitability. J. Mark. Res. 36, 397–412 (1999).
Zysman, J. How institutions create historically rooted trajectories of growth. Ind. Corp. Change 3, 243–283 (1994).
Christopher, M. & Peck, H. Building the resilient supply chain. Int. J. Logist. Manag. 15, 1–13 (2004).
Ford, P. B. & Dzewaltowski, D. A. Disparities in obesity prevalence due to variation in the retail food environment: Three testable hypotheses. Nutr. Rev. 66, 216–228 (2008).
Haveman, H. A. Between a rock and a hard place: Organizational change and performance under conditions of fundamental environmental transformation. Admin. Sci. Q. 37, 48–75 (1992).
Hockerts, K. & Wüstenhagen, R. Greening Goliaths versus emerging Davids—theorizing about the role of incumbents and new entrants in sustainable entrepreneurship. J. Bus. Ventur. 25, 481–492 (2010).
Rumelt, R. P. Inertia and transformation. In Resource-based and evolutionary theories of the firm: Towards a synthesis. pp. 101–132 (Springer US, Boston, MA, 1995).
Steg, L. & Vlek, C. Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: an integrative review and research agenda. J. Environ. Psychol. 29, 309–317 (2009).
Nedungadi, P. Recall and consumer consideration sets: influencing choice without altering brand evaluations. J. Consum. Res. 17, 263–276 (1990).
Blaylock, J., Smallwood, D., Kassel, K. & Variyam, J. Economics, food choices, and nutrition. J. Hunger Environ. Nutr. 24, 269–286 (1999).
Raynor, H. A. & Epstein, L. H. Dietary variety, energy regulation, and obesity. Psychol. Bull. 127, 325–341 (2001).
Anderson, P. & Butcher, K. Childhood obesity: trends and potential causes. Future Child 16, 19–45 (2006).
Story, M., Neumark-Sztainer, D. & French, S. Individual and environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 102, S40–S51 (2002).
Grier, S. & Kumanyika, S. K. Targeting interventions for ethnic minority and low-income populations. Future Child 16, 187–207 (2006).
Gittelsohn, J. et al. Understanding the food environment in a low-income urban setting: Implications for food store interventions. J. Hunger Environ. Nutr. 2, 33–50 (2008).
O’Guinn, T. C. & Shrum, L. J. The role of television in the construction of consumer reality. J. Consum. Res. 23, 278–294 (1997).
Christensen, C. & Raynor, M. The Innovator’s Solution: Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth (Harvard Business Review Press, 2013).
Ng, S. W. & Popkin, B. M. The Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation pledge: Calories purchased by US households with children, 2000–2012. Am. J. Prev. Med. 47, 520–530 (2014).
Siró, I., Kápolna, E., Kápolna, B. & Lugasi, A. Functional food: product development, marketing and consumer acceptance—a review. Appetite 51, 456–467 (2008).
Nestlé. Nutrition, health, and balanced diet sales target. https://www.nestle.com/media/news/nutrition-health-balanced-diet-sales-target (2023).
Lukas, B. A. & Ferrell, O. C. The effect of market orientation on product innovation. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 28, 239–247 (2000).
Agarwal, R. & Tripsas, M. Technology and industry evolution. In The Handbook of Technology and Innovation Management (ed. Shane, S.) 315–333 (John Wiley & Sons, 2008).
Schumpeter, J. A. The Theory of Economic Development (Transaction Publishers, 2011).
Chataway, J., Hanlin, R. & Kaplinsky, R. Inclusive innovation: An architecture for policy development. Innov. Dev. 4, 33–54 (2014).
Phills, J. A., Deiglmeier, K. & Miller, D. T. Rediscovering social innovation. Stanf. Soc. Innov. Rev. 6, 34–43 (2008).
Porter, M. E. & Kramer, M. R. Creating shared value. Harv. Bus. Rev. 89, 62–77 (2011).
Leeder, J. “Campbell’s Nourish Brand Tackles Hunger Through Canada’s Food Banks.” The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/campbells-nourish-brand-tackles-hunger-through-canadas-food-banks/article568486/ (accessed 08 July 2023).
Dacin, M. T., Dacin, P. A. & Tracey, P. Social entrepreneurship: a critique and future directions. Organ. Sci. 22, 1203–1213 (2011).
Körner, J., Lammers, E., Lubberink, R. & de Winter, D. Scaling Knowledge and Innovations for Food and Nutrition Security: Tackling Dilemmas and Blind Spots (Dutch Research Council, 2021).
Prahalad, C. K. Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations. J. Prod. Innov. Manag. 29, 6–12 (2011).
Mezzacappa, E. Alerting, orienting, and executive attention: Developmental properties and sociodemographic correlates in an epidemiological sample of young, urban children. Child Dev. 75, 1373–1386 (2004).
Moss, M. “Broccoli’s Extreme Makeover.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/magazine/broccolis-extreme-makeover.html (accessed 08 July 2023).
Grunert, K. G., Wills, J. M. & Fernández-Celemín, L. Nutrition knowledge, and use and understanding of nutrition information on food labels among consumers in the UK. Appetite 55, 177–189 (2010).
Grunert, K. G. et al. Socio-demographic and attitudinal determinants of nutrition knowledge of food shoppers in six European countries. Food Qual. Prefer. 26, 166–177 (2012).
Gundersen, C. & Oliveira, V. The Food Stamp Program and food insufficiency. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 83, 875–887 (2001).
Powell, L. M. et al. Assessing the potential effectiveness of food and beverage taxes and subsidies for improving public health: A systematic review of prices, demand and body weight outcomes. Obes. Rev. 14, 110–128 (2012).
Gordon-Larsen, P., Nelson, M. C., Page, P. & Popkin, B. M. Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity. Pediatrics 117, 417–434 (2006).
Gittelsohn, J. et al. Process evaluation of Baltimore Healthy Stores: a pilot health intervention program with supermarkets and corner stores in Baltimore City. Health Promot. Pract. 11, 723–732 (2010).
Nakamura, R. et al. Price promotions on healthier compared with less healthy foods: a hierarchical regression analysis of the impact on sales and social patterning of responses to promotions in Great Britain. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 101, 808–816 (2015).
Peralta, L. R., Dudley, D. A. & Cotton, W. G. Teaching healthy eating to elementary school students: a scoping review of nutrition education resources. J. Sch. Health 86, 334–345 (2016).
Acemoglu, D. et al. The environment and directed technical change. Am. Econ. Rev. 102, 131–166 (2012).
Dubé, I. et al. Convergent innovation for sustainable economic growth and affordable universal health care: innovating the way we innovate. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1331, 119–141 (2014).
Dubé, L. et al. Convergent innovation in food through big data and artificial intelligence for societal-scale inclusive growth. Technol. Innov. Manag. Rev. 8, 49–65 (2018).
Dubé, L., Pingali, P. & Webb, P. Paths of convergence for agriculture, health, and wealth. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 12294–12308 (2012).
Christopher, M. Logistics and Supply Chain Management (Pearson UK, 2022).
Fawcett, S. E., Magnan, G. M. & McCarter, M. W. Benefits, barriers, and bridges to effective supply chain management. Supply Chain Manag. Int. J. 13, 35–48 (2008).
Soosay, C. A. & Hyland, P. A decade of supply chain collaboration and directions for future research. Supply Chain Manag. Int. J. 20, 613–630 (2015).
Pichler, A. et al. Building an alliance to map global supply networks. Science 382, 270–272 (2023).
Swinburn, B. A. et al. Strengthening of accountability systems to create healthy food environments and reduce global obesity. Lancet 385, 2534–2545 (2015).
Ostrom, E. Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems. Am. Econ. Rev. 100, 641–672 (2010).
Berrone, P., Gelabert, L., Massa Saluzzo, F. F. & Rousseau, H. E. Understanding community dynamics in the study of grand challenges: How nonprofits, institutional actors, and the community fabric interact to influence income inequality. Acad. Manag. J. 59, 1940–1964 (2016).
Diercks, G., Larsen, H. & Steward, F. Transformative innovation policy: addressing variety in an emerging policy paradigm. Res. Policy 48, 880–894 (2019).
Rao, H., Morrill, C. & Zald, M. N. Power plays: how social movements and collective action create new organizational forms. Res. Organ. Behav. 22, 237–281 (2000).
Piketty, T. Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London, England, 2014).
Henderson, R. Reimagining Capitalism in a World on Fire (Penguin Business, United Kingdom, 2020).
Stone, J. & Rahimifard, S. Resilience in agri-food supply chains: a critical analysis of the literature and synthesis of a novel framework. Supply Chain Manag. Int. J. 23, 207–238 (2018).
Chernev, A. & Blair, S. Doing well by doing good: The benevolent halo of corporate social responsibility. J. Consum. Res. 41, 1412–1425 (2015).
Carroll, A. B. Corporate social responsibility: evolution of a definitional construct. Bus. Soc. 38, 268–295 (1999).
Aguinis, H. & Glavas, A. What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility. J. Manag. 38, 932–968 (2012).
Hollensbe, E., Wookey, C., Hickey, L., George, G. & Nichols, C. V. Organizations with purpose. Acad. Manag. J. 57, 1227–1234 (2014).
Ocasio, W., Kraatz, M. & Chandler, D. Making sense of corporate purpose. Strategy Sci. 8, 121–321(2023).
Kaplan, S. The promises and perils of corporate purpose. Strategy Sci. Forthcoming (2023).
Dubé, L., Addy, N. A., Blouin, C. & Drager, N. From policy coherence to 21st century convergence: A whole‐of‐society paradigm of human and economic development. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1331, 201–215 (2014).
Mahoney, J. T., McGahan, A. M. & Pitelis, C. N. Perspective—The interdependence of private and public interests. Organ. Sci. 20, 1034–1052 (2009).
Jamali, D. & Keshishian, T. Uneasy alliances: Lessons learned from partnerships between businesses and NGOs in the context of CSR. J. Bus. Ethics 84, 277–295 (2009).
Kopainsky, B., Hager, G., Herrera, H. & Nyanga, P. H. Transforming food systems at local levels: Using participatory system dynamics in an interactive manner to refine small-scale farmers’ mental models. Ecol. Modell. 362, 101–110 (2017).
Rooney-Varga, J. N. et al. The climate action simulation. Simul. Gaming 51, 114–140 (2020).
Struben, J., Chan, D. & Dubé, L. Policy insights from the nutritional food market transformation model: the case of obesity prevention. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc. 1331, 57–75 (2014).
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Aldine, Chicago, 1967).
Langley, A. Strategies for theorizing from process data. Acad. Manag. Rev. 24, 691–710 (1999).
Azoulay, P., Repenning, N. P. & Zuckerman, E. W. Nasty, brutish, and short: embeddedness failure in the pharmaceutical industry. Adm. Sci. Q. 55, 472–507 (2010).
Ozcan, P. & Santos, F. M. The market that never was: Turf wars and failed alliances in mobile payments. Strateg. Manag. J. 36, 1486–1512 (2015).
Struben, J., Lee, B. H. & Bingham, C. B. Collective action problems and resource allocation during market formation. Strat. Sci. 5, 245–270 (2020).
Weick, K. E. The Social Psychology of Organizing (Random House, New York, 1979).
Sastry, M. A. Problems and paradoxes in a model of punctuated organizational change. Adm. Sci. Q. 42, 237–275 (1997).
Ma, Y. U., McRae, C., Wu, Y. H. & Dubé, L. Exploring pathways of socioeconomic inequity in vegetable expenditure among consumers participating in a grocery loyalty program in Quebec, Canada, 2015–2017. Front. Pub. Health 9, 634372 (2021).
Belkhiria, F. et al. Using Big Data and Machine Learning for Multilayered Surveillance for Healthy Food Environment and Diet. In 2022 IEEE Int. Conf. on Big Data 4055-4064 (IEEE, 2022).
Mcrae, C. & Dubé, L. A machine learning approach for the prediction of individual and market level demand from retail loyalty program data: Analytic models and discussion of possible behavioral and business practice mechanisms. Adv. Cons. Res. 50, 66–69 (2022).
Chan, D. Understanding Dynamics of Equitable Market Transformation: the Case of Healthful Foods. PhD thesis. (Faculty of Management, McGill University, 2018).
Repenning, N. P. A simulation-based approach to understanding the dynamics of innovation implementation. Organ. Sci. 13, 109–127 (2002).
Davis, J. P., Eisenhardt, K. M. & Bingham, C. B. Developing theory through simulation methods. Acad. Manag. Rev. 32, 480–499 (2007).
March, J. G. & Simon, H. A. Organizations (John Wiley & Sons, 1993).
Struben, J. & Sterman, J. D. Transition challenges for alternative fuel vehicle and transportation systems. Environ. Plann. B 35, 1070–1097 (2008).
Zangwill, W. I. & Kantor, P. B. Toward a theory of continuous improvement and the learning curve. Manag. Sci. 44, 910–920 (1998).
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases: Biases in judgments reveal some heuristics of thinking under uncertainty. Science 185, 1124–1131 (1974).
Bower, J. L. Managing the Resource Allocation Process (Harvard Business Press, 1986).
Christian, T. & Rashad, I. Trends in U.S. food prices, 1950–2007. Econ. Hum. Biol. 7, 113–120 (2009).
Bloom, D. E. et al. The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases (World Economic Forum, Geneva, 2011).
Rose, D. et al. Neighborhood food environments and body mass index. Am. J. Prev. Med. 37, 214–219 (2009).
Schroeter, C., Lusk, J. & Tyner, W. Determining the impact of food price and income changes on body weight. J. Health Econ. 27, 45–68 (2008).
Jetter, K. M. & Cassady, D. L. The availability and cost of healthier food alternatives. Am. J. Prev. Med. 30, 38–44 (2006).
Bustillos, B., Sharkey, J. R., Anding, J. & McIntosh, A. Availability of more healthful food alternatives in traditional, convenience, and nontraditional types of food stores in two rural Texas counties. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 109, 883–889 (2009).
